Unethical Behavior Organizations Should Consider Christian...

In today’s business environment, consumers aware of unethical behavior affecting small and large-scale businesses. In most cases, organizations suffer damage reputation, shareholders options decline, revenue decline and employee moral suffers. In order to prevent unethical behavior organizations should consider Christian Principles when developing policies and procedures to prevent unethical behavior. The role of business in God’s creation is not only the institution that human beings operates in, it is an environment that people are task with carrying out specific duties and responsibilities according to specific laws and regulations. The paper will examine why business matters to God and concepts of Agnosticism, Annihilation, and Adoption. Business Matters to God According to Duzer (2012), In pursuit of God’s purpose, people need to understand the ethical limitations embedded naturally in design of the God’s creation. It is not enough too simply align our businesses purposes with God earthly design, without limitation we still fall short of Gods expectations. God’s creation purpose for business includes businesses that serve the community in a positive way that strides to serve all citizens according to God’s plan. For example, a business might be able to produce more goods and services that would enable the community to flourish. It might create more vocationally rich jobs for its employees by disregarding its duty to provide return to its shareholders (Duzer,

Death Penalty Essay - 1521 Words

I.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;After spending ten long years on death row, he is escorted today by the warden down the dimly lit white hallway to the room in which judgement day will finally arrive. As he moves closer, he begins to regret having led a violent life of crime and murder that had caused him to be sentenced to death so long ago. The door finally opens, and there he stands face to face with â€Å"old sparky†, a.k.a. the electric chair. He is strapped in and a leather helmet containing a wet sponge is placed over his head along with a brass liner that functions as an entry electrode through which nearly 2500 volts of electricity will pass. The exit electrode- a band of brass also with a soaked sponge- is attached to the prisoner’s†¦show more content†¦Generally, colonies authorized capital punishment for a smaller number of offenses than English law allowed, but all colonies authorized public execution as mandatory punishment for some crimes against the s tate, people, or property. Massachusetts was the first American jurisdiction to prohibit cruel and unusual punishments with its adoption of the Massachusetts Body of Liberties in 1641. The Puritans, however, did not consider execution cruel and unusual punishment, and even authorized it for some religious offenses (Smith 2). III.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Even though capital punishment has been practiced in the US since Colonial times, many people believe that the death penalty is unconstitutional and should be completely abolished in the United States. They believe that one of the alternatives to death sentencing is jailing offenders for the rest of their lives without the chance of parole, commonly known as â€Å"life without parole† or LWOP. However, capital punishment contains many advantages over LWOP and other forms of punishment for murderers. IV.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The death penalty is both constitutional and morally right. It is true that prisons serve in reforming criminals, but in certain cases where the offender is unmistakably guilty and has a history of violent behavior, society has the right to demand the ultimate punishment to ensure their own safety. It is all tooShow MoreRelatedPro Death Penalty Speech1482 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduce myself before we get started. My name is Slick Perry and if you didn’t already know, I am the state governor of Texas. You are all aware that we are reviewing our recidivism rate to various crimes and reviewing our stance regarding the death penalty as we approach 2009. Everyone here understands that capital punishment is a very controversial topic in the United States. In Texas, from December 1982 through August 2008, only 361 criminals of the millions of Texans in our good state were executedRead MoreThe Truth About The Death Penalty973 Words   |  4 Pages In her article â€Å"The Truth About The Death Penalty†, Carina Kolodny argues that the death penalty should be abolished in all fifty states due to the fact that it is ineffective and very expensive. Kolodny believes that capital punishment has too many complications and variables that cause it be more of an issue than a real solution for capital offenses. She proposes that the death penalty should be dropped and exchanged for better programs such as Proposition 34, which replaces capital punishmentRead MoreThe Bible and Death Penal ty Essay example812 Words   |  4 Pagesa person’s view of the Bible influence what they think about the death penalty for murderers.† I would like to see if a person’s view of the bible influence what they think of the death penalty. This is interesting to me because I am interested in the field of criminal justice and the death penalty is a huge topic to this day. There are many journals that talk about studies that were done on religion and views of the death penalty which have to do with my topic of interest. My hypothesis is thatRead MoreEssay on Death Penalty: Capital Punishment and Violent Crime1570 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Punishment and Violent Crime Hypothesis Most Americans are pro-death penalty, even though they dont really believe that it is an effective deterrent to violent crime. Those who are pro-death penalty will remain so, even if faced with the best arguments of anti-death penalty activists and told to assume the arguments were absolutely true. Violent crime Violent crime is a major problem in the United States. According to the ACLU, the violent crime rate rose sixty-one percentRead MoreEssay on Article Analysis: OSullivans View of the Death Penalty1536 Words   |  7 PagesBritain should have the death penalty. O’Sullivan addresses all the main counter arguments when explain to his audience his conclusion. His supporting evidence includes death penalty decisions in history and several other statistics. Emotionally terms, faulty cause and effects scenarios, and either/or point of views are other ways the author conveys his opinion to the audience. The article begins with an overall theme threw out O’Sullivan’s piece: does the death penalty appropriately punishRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified1143 Words   |  5 PagesAllison Shu 2/25/16 Period 2 Objective paper on the death penalty Capital punishment is legally authorized killing as punishment for a crime. The death penalty questions the morality of killing a person as justification for their crime. It also brings to question whether the death penalty actually serves as a deterrent for crime, and that some of the people executed are found innocent afterwards. The debates over the constitutionality of the death penalty and whether capital punishment should be usedRead MoreThe Death Penalty For Juveniles946 Words   |  4 Pages The death penalty for minors differs greatly from the death penalty for adult. The law that minor could be put on death row was decided to rule against the eighth amendment. The eighth amendment prohibits the act of â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† which putting minors on death row breaks. On March 4, 2005 the law that minors could not be put on death row for their actions was set into place. The new laws say, â€Å"They cannot punish a minor by death penalty and they cannot punish someone for a crimeRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Mandatory?925 Words   |  4 Pagesopinions on the subject. When we were discussing the death penalty although my opinion didn’t change, after hearing what some of my classmates had to say about the subject during our lab I was able to respectfully see why they had those thoughts and feelings about the subject. I believe that we should have the death penalty, and that it helps prevents more crime from happening. However, during our lab students that thought we should ban the death penalty had some pretty interesting reasons behind theirRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal1805 Words   |  8 Pagesthat we all know is the death penalty. This penalty has been going around for years. To many people it might be the best way of punishing a person. On the other hand there are people who think that if you kill a person you should be sentenced to die as well. For me I would say it might not be the best way and it not working as many would like it. When choosing if you are for the death penalty you have to okay with an insect person dyei ng or even a family member being in death row. I know that is somethingRead MoreThe Death Penalty : An Effective Reliable Tool904 Words   |  4 Pagesthe death penalty has been a frequent topic of discussion, as our recent technological advancements have evidently led individuals to consider the â€Å"new found† legitimacy of our court systems, as statistics display that our previous racial bias and the apparent morality of the practice itself have a miniscule impact on our conviction rate. Both the advancements and ethics that the death penalty provides become apparent through the utilization of anecdotes and statistics, as the death penalty has prevailed

The Case Scenario

Question: Explain The case scenario of Strong Built Construction Company. Answer: The case scenario of Strong Built Construction Company elucidates a detailed understanding of the intertwined nature of work environment, employee motivation and compensation policies that together triggers organisational success. The companys profitability as well as compensation has also been analysed to understand its present as well as future prospects of growth and sustainability perspectives in the global world. When other companies under construction industry were suffering from massively declining revenues, Strong Built Construction Company seemed to be in a better position, although a massive fall was witnessed in its profit before tax. According to the case study, the employees of the company lacked motivation by a large extent. One of the most significant steps taken by the CEO to reward efficient employees and motivate them under the scenario was to provide them with the companys shares as a basic compensation. Typical Elements of Compensation Packages Compensation packages emerged with the principle purpose of retaining potential employees within the work environment. According to the case study, it has been evaluated that Strong Built Construction Company was suffering from fall in profit before tax, which could have been the result of lack of employee motivation. To motivate employees, the company needs to implement an effective compensation plan for the existing workers. The typical compensation packages mostly rely on the increase of base salary, annual bonus, long-term incentives, perquisites and employee benefit programs among the most prominent ones (Beaudoin, Cianci Tsakumis, 2015; Gerhart, Minkoff Olsen, 1995). These packages offer certain benefits, as illustrated below in the table: Elements of Compensation Packages Description Base Salary It refers to the compensation for day to day performance of the employees, which differs on the basis of employees skills, experiences and accomplishments Annual Bonus It is a variable performance based pay to motivate the employees current status and performance, besides giving them a feeling of recognition Long-Term Incentives This reward is offered to employees, who are willing to be loyal to the company in the long term Employee Benefit Programs These rewards are offered as health, disability and life insurance planning and retirement programs (savings and pensions) benefits to the employees Perquisites It is a non-monetary reward system offered to recognise employees skills, performance and contribution towards the company through extra benefits beside monetary payments Assumptions of Traditional Agency Theory and its Influence on Compensation The traditional agency theory indicates a set of financial statistics, which focuses on the conflicts of interests observed between assets and people in the work-environment. This agency theory can define the relationship between principals (higher authority), agents (managers) and employees of a company. The relationship between principals and agents is considerably complex as compared to that of the other contractual corporate relationships. In terms of ethicist point of view, agency theory can assume principals and agents actions according to their own interests, which might get influenced due to their personal motives. Moreover, the agency theory focuses on conflicting interests as well as goals of the companys stakeholders and the manner in which it aligns with the employees compensation process as well (Foss Stea, 2014; Forbes-Pitt, 2011; Kosnik Bettenhausen, 1992). Contextually, as per the traditional theory there are several assumptions that can affect the compensation procedure of the company, as depicted in table below: Assumptions Description and Influences Human Assumption: Self Interest Bounded Rationality Risk Aversion In a hierarchical work environment, when agents (managers) and principals (higher authority) both concentrate on their personal interests rather than employees interests and motivation needs When the work environment mostly circles around the agents and principals, the employees information does not enter the hierarchical circle, and therefore results in informational conflicts There are agents and principals, who are not capable enough to take risks, which inhibits their decisions regarding compensation and benefits Organisational Assumptions Partial goals Decision making Individual goals gain more significance than collaborative goals of the organisation Communication gap may give rise to lack of information and therefore, lead towards biased decisions of principals and agents that can affect employees morale at large Differences between Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Differences Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic Motivation Description When somebody attempts to insist a person to perform a task When the individual wants to perform the task with own interest Behaviors It is based on power to influence It is entirely based on an individuals interests and willingness Typology Related to monetary influences Related to self-esteem, job satisfaction and self-awareness of the individual Extrinsic and intrinsic motivations are two different perspectives of motivating people. Intrinsic motivation deals with peoples passions, self-esteem and job satisfaction, while extrinsic motivation deals with the monetary and subjective factors. Although both the perspectives are able to motivate people, for long term effectiveness, it is the intrinsic ways that help in enriching individuals performances, as compared to the extrinsic motivating factors (Ims, Pedersen Zsolnai, 2014). Employees Attitudes towards Risks and Its Influence on Compensation Package Employees attitude is a key aspect for a companys work environment and motivational factors as well. There are certain risks associated to the work atmosphere of a company that the employees have to face in order to deal with their allotted job roles. With respect to this context, there are two types of employees attitudes observable in an organisational environment, which indicates to their risk aversion or risk seeking nature. Risk-averse employees try to avoid the risks, while the risk-seekers tend to accept the challenges associated to their job-process. Contextually, risk-seeker employees are capable enough to productively use their abilities, skills and advancements through their performance in front of the managers and higher authorities, while risk-averse employees depict a higher degree of reluctance in taking up responsibilities and accept changes in their job roles. As a result, managers as well as the higher authorities are often observed to build their trust on risk seek ers rather than on risk-averse employees, reflected apparently from the compensation structure offered to both these groups (Pepper Gore, 2014). Financial Benefits and Time Period Financial benefits, such as bonus, increase of wages, medical facilities and insurances are offered to employees to enhance their financial abilities and help them raise their living standards. With respect to the financial benefits, it can be stated that if these facilities are provided at a certain time-being, such as at the time of different festivals (Christmas), retirement and starting of a vacation among others, it might effectively motivate the employees to work efficiently. Due to the appropriate timings of financial benefits, employees can be influenced more towards the completion of their allotted job roles and thereby, satisfying their additional financial needs (Pepper Gore, 2014; Cheng and Warfield, 2005; Gjesdal, 1982). Fairness Considerations Roles in Compensation Fairness consideration reflects an equal deliberation among all the employees for similar allotted job roles within a work environment. This situation is not only applicable for same kind of work, but for the compensation policies as well. Job-related risk adherence, complicated situation handling associated with allotted job roles can be referred as some of the effective conditions for employee compensation or remuneration. At these conditions, employees are liable for compensation benefits according their skills, experiences and performances. For certain compensation incorporation, the management of the company has to implement a fair consideration among those employees, who are capable for compensation standards in terms of their motivational purposes (Pepper Gore, 2014; Jolls, 2002). Executive Compensation Committee Strong Built Construction Company requires incorporating an executive compensation committee, which will be responsible to act according to its compensation philosophy. The executive committee will be capable of recommending a compact planning for employee compensation and re-examining the procedures for assured employee benefits. The executive committee can support the organisations overall mission, attract and retain potential employees through shared objectives and values in alignment with the companys goals, which would allow the employees to obtain the required compensation opportunities, as per their skills and performances and in a reasonable manner (WPI, 2015; OReilly et. al. 2014; Hermanson et. al., 2012; Suh Han, 2003; Xie, Davidson, DaDalt, 2003). Structure of an Executive Compensation Committee To build an effective executive committee, Strong Built Construction Company will require a potential structure, through which it can re-examine the drawbacks of companys compensation policies and reinforce new policies within it. The following aspects are needed to construct the committee: Fields Descriptions / Requirements Members of Committee Seven qualified members, who are segregated according to their qualifications in the allotted job roles Segregation of Work Base salary: Members, who examine existing employees base salary according their performances Annual Bonus: Members, who justify bonus with employees salary as per their skills Incentives: Members, who identify the employees performing efficiently for providing them with incentives Benefit Programs: Members, who select employees according to their performances for providing assured benefits Perquisites: Members, who are allowed to provide extra perks to the deserving employees Selection Procedures Three managers, who are experienced and qualified Four members from outside of the organisation , who have equivalent experiences in the industry Conclusion From the analysis of the companys present scenario, it was observed that Strong Built Construction Company was suffering from lack of employee motivation. Thus, based on the above discussion related to the different compensation policies and executive compensation committee, it can be recommended that implementation of effective compensation systems are most required for motivating existing employees of the company. Through the executive compensation committee, the company can re-examine its existing policies and can introduce new remuneration systems for employee benefits. In addition to it, the assistance of intrinsic motivation from committee members will enable the employees to enhance their loyalty and morale towards their assigned job roles and attain job satisfaction in the long run. Paper by Gold, Gronewold and Pott (2012) Aim of the Research The research by Gold, Gronewold Pott (2012), aims at testing the explanations officially proposed as per the revised version of the ISA 700 report by the auditor for the evaluation of its expected gaps. Result Table All participants were requested to read the short description detailing about a fictitious stock-listed company and its financial information for two successive years, with their results listed in the following table: Complete Unqualified ISA 700 Auditors Report An Unqualified Opinion-Only Version of Report Auditors The complete auditors report on ISA 700 was disclosed along with detailed explanation provided by the auditors Only the opinions of the auditor were read Financial Analysts Complete reports with explanations were disclosed Were only interested in going through the auditors opinions rather than on the entire report Students The entire report mandated by ISA 700 was disclosed completely Only the opinions, as presented by the auditors in the report were read Purpose of Manipulation Checks The purpose of conducting the manipulation checks was to analyse, if manipulation was effective in bringing about any kind of difference between the presence as well as absence of the explanations, as provided by the auditors. This was possible only with the support of the responses gathered regarding the issue of concern (Gold, Gronewold Pott, 2009). Study of Agyei, Aye Owusu-Yeboah (2013) and Okafor Otalor (2013) Researches Aims The aim of the research conducted by Agyei, Aye Owusu-Yeboah (2013) is to examine the presence of expectation gaps in the audit reports of Ghana. In addition, the research also aimed at the assessing the roles played by the professional auditors in reducing the audit expectation gaps. Measurement of Audit Expectation From both the studies, it can be highlighted that gaps in audit expectation has evolved due to over-expectations in respect to the auditors functional roles and inadequate knowledge of people regarding auditors job roles and responsibilities. Audit expectation is however a changing element that is often critical to measure. In this context, to gain an in-depth understanding regarding the projected aim of the research, Agyei, Aye Owusu-Yeboah (2013) selected qualitative methodology, through which they gathered and analysed primary and secondary data. The researchers utilised five-point Likert scale for assessing the primary data through questionnaire survey, which were then analysed with the help of the SPSS tool. On the other hand, Okafor Otalor (2013) utilised hypotheses to gain a comprehensive understanding regarding the objective of the research and test the validity of the assumptions made. The study has utilised a mixed method for analysing the primary as well as the secondary data. Comparatively, the research conducted by Okafor Otalor (2013) was more in-depth than the research by Agyei, Aye Owusu-Yeboah (2013). Further to be noted in this regard, Okafor Otalor (2013) analysed the gathered data with the assistance of ANOVA, logit coefficient, z-statistics, probit coefficient, t-ratio and so forth. These statistical analysis tools largely contributed in making the research approach feasible and retaining the reliability as well as validity of the data gathered. Research Participants and Sampling Techniques Agyei, Aye Owusu-Yeboah (2013) had utilised purposive as well as convenience sampling technique in their study to select the respondents among stockbrokers and auditors of Ghana. The purposive sampling technique had assisted the researchers in their selection of financial statement user groups, while the convenience sampling technique helped them in selecting the specific respondents from the user groups. From this perspective, it can be stated that both the sampling techniques of this research implied a high dependence on the researchers perspectives and their present skills. However, Okafor Otalor (2013) selected their respondents through random sampling technique from the groups of accounting teachers along with their students. These respondents were accessed from the University of Benin, Benson Idahosa University and Ambrose Alli University. The process of random sampling has enabled the researchers in considering 94 self-administered questionnaires among 130 responses for dete rmining the reliability of gathered data. From both the above stated perspectives, it can be inferred that purposive as well as convenience sampling techniques reflect biasness in samples and information, while random sampling technique is free from partiality. In this context, unbiased, feasible sampling technique of Okafor Otalor (2013) was more appropriate as compared to Agyei, Aye Owusu-Yeboah (2013). Response Rate Agyei, Aye Owusu-Yeboah (2013) used hundred questionnaires among the selected groups of respondents. The researchers had distributed fifty questionnaires, each among the auditors as well as among stockholders. From both the groups, researchers had returned thirty and thirty-five questionnaires respectively. Ultimately, from those returned questionnaires, researchers found a total of forty questionnaires useful for the research. Okafor Otalor (2013) conducted questionnaire survey among 130 respondents and lastly selected 94 questionnaires for the research. Among these two researches, the study by Okafor Otalor (2013) was able to obtain satisfying data range, while Agyei, Aye Owusu-Yeboah (2013) conducted their research based on only 40 responses. From this perspective, it can be inferred that Okafor Otalor (2013) had based the research on a larger and sufficient data range but Agyei, Aye Owusu-Yeboah (2013) lacked a comprehensively valid range. Analysing the Collected Data Agyei, Aye Owusu-Yeboah (2013) had utilised a descriptive data analysis tool, such as SPSS in their research, to attain the projected goals. On the other hand, Okafor Otalor (2013) conducted a descriptive statistical analysis through SPSS. In this research, to accomplish the objective of the research, Okafor Otalor (2013) implemented the techniques of ANOVA test, logit coefficient, z-statistics, probit coefficient and t-ratio. From the discussion of both the researches, it can be inferred that the approach taken by Okafor Otalor (2013) was better than the approach used by Agyei, Aye Owusu-Yeboah (2013). Significant Flaws Flaws in the research by Agyei, Aye Owusu-Yeboah (2013): The study has only utilised selected stockbrokers as users of the published financial statements The method implemented in the study was based on only descriptive statistics on a relatively small data range, which might have produced bias results in the course of attaining the determined objective Flaws in the research by Okafor Otalor (2013) study: The study has used accounting students and teachers of different universities as samples, whose responses cannot be considered reliable enough to determine the results as per the issue of expectation gaps observed in the auditors report The result might be strong enough as per the descriptive and statistical analysis shown in this study, but it cannot be compared with the collected secondary information, which fails to enhance the validity of the results obtained References Agyei, A, Aye, B, K Owusu-Yeboah, E 2013, 'An assessment of audit expectation gap in Ghana', Int. J. Acad. Res. Account., Financ. Manage. Sci, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 112-8. Beaudoin, C, A, Cianci, A, M Tsakumis, G, T 2015, The impact of CFOs incentives and earnings management ethics on their financial reporting decisions: The mediating role of moral disengagement, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 128, no. 3, pp. 505-518. Cheng, Q Warfield, T, D 2005, Equity incentives and earnings management, The accounting review, vol. 80, no. 2, pp.441-476. Forbes-Pitt, K 2011, The assumption of agency theory, Taylor Francis, Abingdon. Foss, N Stea, D 2014, Putting a realistic theory of mind into agency theory: implications for reward design and management in principal-agent relations, European Management Review, Vol.11, no.1, pp. 101-16. Gerhart, B, A, Minkoff, H, B Olsen, R, N 1995. Employee compensation: Theory, practice, and evidence, CAHRS Working Paper Series, pp. 2-25. Gjesdal, F 1982, Information and incentives: the agency information problem, The Review of Economic Studies, vol. 49, no. 3, pp.373-390. Gold, A, Gronewold, U Pott, C 2009, Financial statement users perceptions of the IAASBs ISA 700 unqualified auditors report in Germany and the Netherlands, Research Report, pp. 1-43. Gold, A, Gronewold, U Pott, C 2012, 'The ISA 700 auditor's report and the audit expectation gap Do explanations matter?', International Journal of Auditing, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 286-307. Hermanson, D, R et. al. 2012, The compensation committee process, Contemporary Accounting Research, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 666- 709. Ims, K, J, Pedersen, L, J, T Zsolnai, L 2014, How economic incentives may destroy social, ecological and existential values: the case of executive compensation, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 353-60. Jolls, C 2002, Fairness, minimum wages, and employee benefits, Faculty Scholarship Series, paper 1454, pp. 47-53. Kosnik, R, D Bettenhausen, K, L 1992, Agency theory and motivation effect of management compensation, Group and organisation management, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 309-330. OReilly, C, A et. al. 2014, Narcissistic CEOs and executive compensation, The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 25, no.2, pp. 218-31. Okafor, C, A Otalor, J, I 2013, 'Narrowing the expectation gap in auditing: The role of the auditing profession', Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 43-52. Pepper, A Gore, J 2014, The economic psychology of incentives: An international study of top managers, Journal of World Business, vol. 49, no.3, pp. 350-61. Pepper, A Gore, J 2015, Behavioral agency theory new foundations for theorizing about executive compensation, Journal of Management, vol. 41, no.4, pp. 1045-68. Suh, B Han, I 2003, The impact of customer trust and perception of security control on the acceptance of electronic commerce, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, vol. 7, no. 3, pp.135-161. WPI, 2015, Executive Compensation Committee, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, viewed 7 June 2016, https://www.wpi.edu/offices/trustees/executive.html. Xie, B, Davidson, W, N DaDalt, P, J 2003, Earnings management and corporate governance: the role of the board and the audit committee, Journal of Corporate Finance, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 295-316.

Supply chain mangment Essay Example For Students

Supply chain mangment Essay Supply chain management is the flow of goods, services, and information from the initial sources of materials and services to the delivery of products and activities occur in the same organization or in other organizations(Horngren695). This approach enables Regal Marine (R.M) to be highly effective, efficient, and profitable. More over supply chain management effectively manage your supply chain by synchronizing the demand for your products with your production capabilities, optimizing your resource usage, and maximizing your throughput so there are less disruptions and fewer fires to put out. Supply chain management requires companies to use the Internet to be most effective. Nevertheless Companies are failing to adapt to the Internet technology to enable effective supply chain management. In addition Research shows companies failing to use Internet technology for Supply chain management, despite the need to satisfy customer demands and it revealed: (1) Only forty eight percent currently use Internet technology to manage product order and delivery, yet over half state that responding to customer demands and improving service is the main reason for changing supply chain requirements. (2) Only fifteen percent use Internet technology right through the supply chain at all levels, with twenty three percent planning to implement a total web-enabled supply chain soon. Moreover almost half of the companies interviewed currently outsource parts of the supply chain by using an Application Service Provider. (3) Thirty-seven percent of companies were using the Internet to streamline their processes. We will write a custom essay on Supply chain mangment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We mentioned earlier the disadvantages of supply chain management, now we will the advantages and the process of supply chain management. Supply Chain Management Solutions helps companies transform supply strategy into a competitive advantage. By combining the expertise, technology and information to help companies bring immediate value and profit. Supply management is clear and direct. The process help companies find the money in their supply base, get the money to the bottom line quickly and keep the money coming with a renewable and repeatable approach. But to make supply chain management effective companies need to: (1) Get Perspective. (2) Dont Underestimate Learning Costs. (3) Reconsider Whats Efficient. (4) Serve the Partnerships. (5) Dont Overestimate. R.M and partners use the fundamentals of supply chain management and the steps that are mentioned above. To illustrate more the chain will start from the supplier network that include raw material such as aluminum, fiberglass, and glecoat then the components, which can be transmission, seats, and so on. The next step is the subassembly for example engines, wiring, and chassis. The next step in the chain is the boat manufacturers (assembly line), which include R.M and all boat manufactures, then it goes on to the most important step which is the marketing channels (dealer network) and then to the buyers. To exemplify more we will take Wal-Mart as an example. Wal-Mart one of the retailers that have an efficient supply chain, Wal-Mart a lower price retailer for wide variety of mass consumption of consumer goods. The strategy of efficient supply chain designed to deliver products at the lowest cost possible. Efficiency is achieved in variety of ways. For example, Wal-Mart keeps low inventory levels, and most are stocked in stores available for sale, not in warehouse gathering dust, the low inventory arises Wal-Marts innovative use of the cross-docking process. Cross docking allow Wal-Mart to operate only a small number of distribution centers. Moreover the company invested significantly more than its competitors in information technology to operate its supply chain. The company has a full feed back information about customers requirements and demands from it stores back to the suppliers. In addition Wal-Mart obtain their products from small suppliers, and those suppliers depend on Wal-Mart as a main buyers, as a result Wal-Mart can apply the pressure and have the products needed delivered twice or maybe three times a month. At the end supply chain management help business to improve and satisfy there everyday needs. Supply chain management one of the most efficient and profitable process. 1.Cost Accounting A Managerial Emphasis by Charles Horngren 2.Effective Management by Hartley. .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639 , .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639 .postImageUrl , .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639 , .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639:hover , .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639:visited , .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639:active { border:0!important; } .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639:active , .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639 .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubff8e0c0ec0f4af741d7ced468376639:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My American Dream Essay3.http://www.keepmedia.com/pubs/SupplyChainManagementReview/2004/03/01/459506. 4.http://www.manufacturing.net/scm/article/NEb0727044.9sw.html?industry=Supply+Chain+News;industryid=2380. 5.http://www.walmart-martstores.com

Role of Youth free essay sample

This essay has secured first position in SME Intellectual writing contest 2010 Junior Category. The destiny of a nation is vested with the youngsters. These are the people if guided correctly; they can modify the course of the world. They have the might of extensive thinking, hard struggle, innovation and advancement. The youth are ready to adapt changes because they are young they are in search of truth, they are open to different ideas contrary to the people who are mature and old. Allama Iqbal realized the strength of youth in these wordings: I have love for those youngsters who pull down the stars. Today Pakistan is facing many challenges from within and beyond. Terrorism, drone attacks, pitiful law and order situation, bad economic conditions, education dilemma, corruption, energy crisis and so many others. There are many factors behind these problems, but one of the most important and vital is the foreign influence that is weakening Pakistan. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Youth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pakistan is not completely independent yet.The policies both political and economic are framed partially or completely by the involvement of big players. Their involvement is not confined to that extent but even more, they are spreading defeatist ideas using different tools. Youth are the actual target, they are made confused and thus they start imitating the society of foreign nations. Iqbal in his metaphoric tone exclaimed: â€Å"The falcon that imitates the ways of its prey becomes the prey of its own prey. † The youth generally do not view them fit to combat with national problems.They have no intellect of state matters; they are used and manipulated by different groups. This is because for the youth it is portrayed that they should focus only on education and produce good results, the youth have shown commitment to this idea and they have delivered, but the fact is that their talent is not properly utilized, channelized and appreciated, that is why foreign companies tap this resource and in this way the talent is exploited abroad. On the other way the small segment of talented youth prefer to stay here but still they are not that much fruitful because they generally are not utilized and directed.At this instant Pakistan’s situation is pitiful, the homeland needs the youth but not that idle, self oriented and unconcerned in their national issues. Working honestly in the job or doing well in individual capacity will not bring any real positivity in our affairs. Pakistan needs the youth to expand their domain by doing following: * Think versatile and intense on national problems. * Change the defeatist mentality (For example we cannot survive without IMF loans) * Try to develop understanding of political affairs and economic matters. Recognize the foreign players in the local affairs. * Search to find the peaceful techniques of liberation from neocolonialism. * Open themselves for discussions and exchange ideas. * Invent those thoughts through which our nation can revive in every aspect of life. No doubt the youth of Pakistan is dedicated, enthusiastic with their country but emotions are not enough they need a direction to create a positive Pakistan, youth can attain this direction through constant thinking, discussions, innovations and reasoning.For the real destiny of Pakistan and to bring positive approach, the youth must learn the neglected lessons of truth, justice, bravery and Islamic governance: Learn again the lessons of truth, of justice and of bravery. And you shall be used to lead the world. ~ Allama Mohammad IqbalAllama Iqbal realized the strength of youth in these wordings: I have love for those youngsters who pull down the stars. â€Å"Keep the Qur’an as a mirror before you. You have completely changed, run away from yourself. Fix a balance for your deeds, Stir a commotion which your forbears stirred in the past.    ~ Allama Mohammad IqbalThe Youth of Pakistan are also known as the â€Å"Nation Builders† and we can play a significant role in the development of the country not only economically but also by morally and practically. We have to clear the differences and objections of people and make our efforts to grow Pakistan and fulfill the basic needs of the people which are below the poverty line. We are always aware of the fact that Pakistan is in danger, it is basically strong in the field of weapons but between the people of Pakistan there is so much difference and contradictions that they don’t even try to unite as one.To be one and keep united the people, the people of Pakistan have to eradicate the internal disputes prevailing between them and they have to show maturity as well as a sense of national responsibility. We have to wake up from a deep sleep and invoke the spirit of our founder and bring back our country to its feet. Renowned Scholar, Dr. Tariq Rehman said t hat â€Å"Youth has a significant role in present dismal situation and we need to impart civic education to secure our better future. And also adding the comment of Shabana Fayyaz, lecturer of Quaid-e-Azam University said that â€Å"The best investment under current scenarios would be empowering the youth†. She added that â€Å"We are surrounded by multiple crises and we cannot meet these challenges without an active participation of the youth as a catalyst of change. We should not lose the right path by simply seeing what kind of absurdities and unfair means are already being followed over here, rather we should exemplify good patterns of behavior for the coming generations. We are Young Seagulls, trying to fly without feathers. Our precious gems and valuable assets, youth, in the shape of brilliant students, professionals and people in all walks of life are being discouraged, exploited and humiliated by the corrupt lobby. The problem of the emotional and impatient Pakistanis is diagnosed. The solution is in our hands. They need to change themselves and their attitude and approach must based on sensibility, responsibility, tolerance and patience. We will achieve a Positive and Green Pakistan. INSHAALLAH. A Thing Of Beauty the thing of beauty is joy forever Thing of beauty is joy forever this famous quote which is generally said about beauty, the beauty which imparts great pleasure and joy. It is far away from all wordy affairs. It is that beauty which gives immense happiness which crosses all the boundaries of world. Beauty is term which is generally associated with woman. It is a term which had wide implications. Beauty can be categorized as external and internal beauty. The external beauty is one which is associated with senses. It is the sensual beauty. Beautiful object after seeing appeals to our senses, and when that beauty touches our soul is internal beauty. It is that beauty which magnifies and glorifies our soul. It is in true sense the beauty of soul. Internal beauty is the power to reveal the hidden structure of the external world. As it is rightly said The greatest treasure are those seen individuals to the eye but found by the heart.This is true beauty. It is the beauty attached with almighty. No object in this world can be termed as beautiful unless it is felt internally. External beauty can impress us for a particular time period, but it is internal beaty which engulfs the soul and leaves an everlasting impression. It is that beauty which world remembers through years. It is past memories which are beautiful which recollects in tranquility. As the most beautiful things can be seen or even touched they can be felt by heart. External beauty is one which tends to decay with passage of time. It is mortal. As it is rightly said: beautiful woman is one whose heart is filled with virtue and love. It is internal beauty which is immortal. It does not fade with time, but reaches the height of zenith. But it is sad state of affair that people nowadays gives importance to external appearance. As first impression is the last, but they forget that beyond that last beauty exists the true beauty. Beauty is not in the face it is a light in the heart. People should

Political Science Example

Political Science Example Political Science – Coursework Example Role of Government in Social Issues College: Role of Government in Social Issues The U.S government is en d to limit freedom of speech when the freedom is infringing on the rights and reputations of other people, when national security is at stake, when it is a public order and when the freedom is against the set morals (Graham, Amos & Plumptre, 2003). The government can also limit the freedom of speech where the law dictates, when it has a legitimate aim of restricting and when it finds it is necessary to restrict. This is done with the aim of not causing threat to anyone and to avoid any violation of state laws (Volokh, 2000). , the government’s role in social issues is to ensure that the state’s rationality is maintained. The Internet development has helped by offering a platform where the government can limit freedom of speech. Similarly, reading newspapers and watching news has enabled people to recognize some of the expressions that can or cannot air publicly.In t he arguments presented before the Supreme Court for both DOMA and Prop 8, the basis of sexual discrimination was that DOMA which is an anti-gay law that followed marriage laws to the end. DOMA unlike Prop 8 is against gay marriages and prohibits the state to allow gay marriages. This has resulted in the rise of discrimination on basis of sexual orientation whereby couples who are gay tend to be discriminated (Murray, 2009). However, through the passing of prop 8, gay marriages are legalised in some states in the United States bringing gay discrimination to a halt. Discrimination based on sexual orientation should not be prohibited. This is because the DOMA law is still in existence only that during the ruling it was overpowered by the voting judges. The best way that the ruling could be conducted was through opinion poll whereby the public would have a say. This way, it would have been possible to clearly get the number supporting gay unions and those rejecting it.ReferencesGraham, J., Amos, B., & Plumptre, T. (2003). Principles for good governance in the 21st century. Policy brief, 15, 1-6.Murray, M. (2009). Marriage Rights and Parental Rights: Parents, the State, and Proposition 8. Stan. JCR & CL, 5, 357. Volokh, E. (2000). Freedom of speech and information privacy: The troubling implications of a right to stop people from speaking about you. Stanford Law Review, 1049-1124.

On Orientalism Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On Orientalism - Movie Review Example The theme of Orientalism and empire is rooted in the reasons used to justify the colonization of the East by the European imperial powers (wings.buffalo.edu). The Palestine question is another intriguing aspect of how the orientalist trend by the West has created an ideal middle east in modern Orientalism. The media coverage of Palestinian people gives a distorted image of Palestine, which depicts its inhabitants as irrational, unreasonable and violent people. The practice of irresponsible journalism by the Western media thrusts the stone throwing brand on Palestine as violent country (wings.buffalo.edu). The Oklahoma City bombing is quintessentially a guiding experience of how the West has a misunderstanding of the Middle East as a terrorist region. The media, especially the London Sunday Times portrayed racist phrases. For instance, the attack was described as â€Å"match made in Mecca†. Said explores the impact of Orientalism in the production of information on a restrained framework that ignorant of the diversity of the Islamic world. Furthermore, the Oklahoma City bombing was not Middle East attack. In fact, the attack was reported to be from a deep-seated Christian origin (wings.buffalo.edu). The American Orientalism is rooted in American, foreign policy mainly influenced by political and economic interests in the East. The American Orientalism features along the theme of barbaric stereotypes of the Middle East inhabitants. The U.S views the Middle East with the notion that it is a terror region with the mission of disrupting peace and stability of the American people. Modern America experiences challenging diplomatic relations with the Middle East that began in the twentieth century demonizing the Muslims and Arabs as anti-western terrorists (wings.buffalo.edu). The Palestinian question is quintessentially an enlightening scenario that ushers modern Orientalism

Acting style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Acting style - Essay Example An acting style is the way a play is presented or the way an actor portrays his character. Â  It can refer to quite a few different things - like period acting (roles that take place in a different earlier, era, place or society), or stylized acting (such as the very specific styles used Restoration comedies etc.), or it may refer to verse acting (such as Shakespeare), or proper classical acting (such as ancient Greek plays), or to the early "declaiming" acting (a very stiff, presentational style directly aimed toward the audience), or to modern-day acting (such as we see today in contemporary comedy and drama where actors act realistically). Â  Two major classifications of acting style can be made as presentational and representational. Where representational refers to modern realistic acting and representational refers to the more formal or exaggerated acting styles of old (Kernodle) In 1971, Alan Schneider directed an historic video taped performance of Samuel Becketts Krapps Last Tape, starring Jack MacGowran. The play dramatized an old mans struggle to repossess his youth by searching through reels of audiotape. The style of acting adopted by MacGowarn is simple and realistic as is characteristic in contemporary cinema. He conveys the old mans age and disability (he is nearly half-blind) through body movements and literally no dialogue at all. There are no other actors and the only props are a single table and chair in an otherwise empty room. The film is totally focused on the old man and his every expression. MacGrowan uses his facial and subtle body movements to convey his infirmity and even the joy and difficulty at eating a banana is emoted with great ability and expression in total silence. In 1964 Camera Three, New York, NY produced a short film featuring James Cahill, John Heffernan & Roy Scheider based on excerpts from Ben Jonsons 17th century comedy of

Let the Free

Let the Freewriting Flow Essay Peter Elbow, author of the article â€Å"Freewriting† argues that using the technique freewriting is very beneficial for writers. Freewriting is nonstop writing without correcting or checking what you’ve already written. Elbow says writers should use this exercise at least three times a week to improve their writing skills. I strongly agree with his assessment from personal use of this technique. While writing my first freewrite I realized I was less stressed, I felt like the paper displayed my character more, and I was able to share all of my ideas without losing them. We are so caught up in trying to sound educated and proper in our writings it sometimes can take away from the actual piece. Writing while under stress often turns out in a disaster, usually why my pieces of writing aren’t always the best. Just like Elbow has said the reason people get so stressed while writing is because of how we are taught throughout school â€Å"schooling makes us obsessed with the mistakes we make in writing. Many people constantly think about spelling and grammar as they try to write. I am always thinking about the awkwardness, wordiness, and general mushiness of my natural verbal product as I try to write down words† (Elbow). This is completely true, the way we are taught in school adds a great deal of stress to the writer. At the beginning of every paper I’ve ever written for school I’ve always had stress because writing was never my strong suit to begin with and the requirements made it that much harder for me to develop a paper. Giving people such high standards for writing, yet telling them to make it their own is quite difficult for the writer because they are more worried about the structure rather than the actual content of the piece. People are also under stress while writing a paper because of who could be reading their piece, audience has a major impact on how a writer constructs their paper. With freewriting though you only have to worry about yourself reading over the paper so your ideas will flow easier onto the page because you a ren’t watching what your write in fear of offending someone. You are able to fully be yourself  throughout the piece. It’s difficult to incorporate character into your writing when you have to follow so many guidelines and worry about so many different things. Elbow states in his writing that you have a voice which is the main source of power in your writing, and unfortunately that â€Å"voice is damped out by all the interruptions, changes, and hesitations between the consciousness and the page† (Elbow). If we all had the same voice and then no ones writing would really be all that special. Freewriting helps the writer to find that voice because they are writing their exact ideas without anything interrupting them. Once they are done with the freewrite they are able to go back and fix it up a little but it will still be their voice and how they felt in the first place. Elbow makes a good point at the end of his piece saying that you only have one voice and you can’t give up on that voice no matter how much you may dislike it because without it you will never be heard, and your writing will never be your own. To me making the piece your own and to actually enjoy writing it is what writing should be about. Not the grammar mist akes, or how well it all flows. It should be about your thoughts and how you feel they should be expressed into a piece of writing. If writing is considered such a personal thing then we shouldn’t be so critiqued on every little thing throughout it. It’s happened more times than not when a writer loses an idea because they were too busy checking back on a previous one and trying to make it better. Using Elbow’s freewriting technique will ensure you to never lose an idea because as soon as it pops into your head you are able to write it down, even if it doesn’t exactly belong right there. Elbow also says that his technique stops the writer from editing their piece while writing allowing the ideas to flow more easily. I know from personal experience I lose ideas constantly because I’m worried about the previous paragraph, and if it was really good enough. When I wrote my freewrite I did not lose any ideas, I was able to get exactly what I wanted to say into that piece of writing and in the end if I wanted to I was able to go back and expand on them. Peter Elbow, author of the arti cle â€Å"Freewriting† has helped me be able to form a more well developed piece of writing through his technique, freewriting. This exercise has helped me stay calmer while I write my paper and helps me to not worry about what I’m writing the entire time. I benefit from Elbow’s technique this because once all of my ideas are out on paper I am able to go back and  form them into well-developed paragraphs just like I am required to do. The requirements from professors, bosses or whoever the audience may be will prevent someone from writing the best they can and making a piece their own because they are too worried about what the audience will think of it or if it’s good enough for their standards. For anyone who has trouble with forming ideas, or gets too caught up in the editing part of the paper while still writing should try out Elbow’s exercise freewriting and they may be surprised at how well it works and how much it may help them. I know I sure was shocked at how much it helped me especially after being a little uneasy about it at first I was pleasantly surprised. The freewriting exercise is what helped me develop this paper. I sat down for about an hour and was able to get all of my ideas down with no worries about grammar errors, or my audience, all I focused on was my ideas and what I thought was best to say in this paper. After I had finished it I went back and turned the freewrite into this piece. Since it worked so well for me I will now use freewriting before I start any of my papers in the future. Citation: Elbow, Peter. Freewriting. Freewriting. Center for Learning, Teaching, Communication, and Research, n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2014. http://faculty.buffalostate.edu/wahlstrl/eng309/Freewriting.pdf.

Rolfe, Freshwater and Jasper (2001) Framework for Diabetes

Rolfe, Freshwater and Jasper (2001) Framework for Diabetes Reflective account, using framework from Rolfe, Freshwater and Jasper (2001) of a patient with regards to a long term condition and identification of a learning need to be achieved during the module. This essay is reflective based on my experience while on a clinical placement. The aim is to demonstrate an understanding of my views encountered in practice using the Rolfe, Freshwater and Jasper (2001) framework with regards to diabetes mellitus which is a long term condition. According to Bennett and Morisson (2009), Diabetes mellitus is a lifelong condition marked by high level of sugar in the blood and a failure to transfer this to the organs that need it. The framework will show how it has been used to reflect on the condition, what has been learnt and the outcome on current and future practice. It also based on learning needs to be achieved during the module. It was an eight week placement on an acute unit which consist of a male bay, one female bay and three side rooms. My mentor and I was assigned to the male bay. This was when I came into contact with Mr. A. Pseudonym will be used to conceal patient identity. Confidentiality will be maintained throughout in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008). Mr. A was a 64 year old gentleman who was admitted to a critical unit from Accident and Emergency (AE), in my third week of my first year as a nursing student but my second placement. He had several conditions inflicted on him. They were acute pulmonary oedema secondary to silent myocardial infarction (MI), acute kidney injury (AKI) and CKD. Past medical history of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), quadriplegic amputee and HONK. He was basically admitted for hyperglycaemic control It became clear during hand over that this was a challenging and interesting case for effective learning to take place especially as a student nurse. Learning is a relatively permanent change in knowledge, skills or ability as a result of experience (Bennett Morrison, 2009). However, I felt anxious as this was just my second placement for my first year as a student nurse and I did not feel experience enough to deal with all I was hearing about this patient. My first impression when I saw Mr A. was a sad one because of his quadriplegic amputee. I realised that hearing or reading about a condition and actually giving hands on care is different. According to Bulman and Schultz (2008), thinking can be intellectual, thus emphasising the importance of practical as well as theoretical for learning. My first encounter with Mr A. on the ward he appeared to be drowsy and somewhat confused from the conversation we had. For instance, his wife was sitting at his bedside and he told me he took his wife to a party last night. During the time he was mentioning he was hospitalise. Drowsiness can be a sign of hyperglycaemia as in Mr. A Case. As nurses and other health professionals, we are faced with challenging and unique situations in practice, therefore, by reflecting on these experiences it allows learning to take place and again flexible ways in which to respond to these situations (Burns Bulman, 2000). While caring and carrying out assessment of Mr A., it was noticed he had intravenous infusion (IV), urethral catheter, insulin pump, heparin infusion and central venous pressure line (CVP). I was assigned to monitor hourly observation because the patient was critical and this had to be done until they were stable, especially the blood sugar which was elevated. According to Dougherty and Lister (2008), maintenance of normal blood glucose should be within 4-7 mmol/l. I can remember at one point it was 27 mmol/l. Whenever I noticed any abnormalities in the observation I would inform my mentor. I noticed increase in insulin administration via pump when blood sugar level is elevated and decrease when lower readings. Also, the patient was unable to carry out self-care or assist in his care because of his quadriplegic amputee. He was totally dependent on the nursing staff to take responsibility for all his basic needs and to promote high quality care (NMC, 2004). However he was given the care that he needed with consent. For example, wash in bed and assisted with nutritional needs such as feeding. When food was given he would refuse, but with much encouragement on my part in a good way he would. I can remember Mr A. asking me to scratch his head because he was unable to. Strict fluid balance I maintained because the patient was reluctant to drink. I informed my mentor and I was advised to give at least 30 mls of fluids per hour. I asked Mr. A. what was his favourite drink, he told me tea. I remembered going to the kitchen after informing my mentor of my intention to make sure an eye was kept on him. The patient was also monitored using a water loo chart. This was used mainly because of his immobility and he was prone to pressure ulcer if proper care is not given. During one of my encounters while nursing Mr. A, I remembered him saying to me diabetes is not good because it leave him without limbs. At that moment I felt compassion for him. At the same time he said that to me, I was pricking his earlobe to monitor his blood sugar. I felt sad for him thinking about the pain he was going through pricking his earlobe every hour. At times I felt impotent because of my lack of experience and been unaware of how to deal with situations such as Mr. A condition. I was limited in my experience and it was my first hospital placement. I wanted to reassure patients, support my colleagues, and give sound advice but I did not have enough confidence and experience to do that. I didn’t know how to ask Mr. A. about the pain he was experiencing when pricking his earlobe, but I gained the confidence to approach him and ask to tell be about when his earlobe is been pricked. My reason for asking is because I noticed every time his earlobe was pricked he would grimace on his face He said it hurts and is painful. Mc Caffery and Pasero (1999) states pain is what the patient says it is. However, I have learnt something about myself. I have learnt basic communication skill especially listening just by sitting at Mr A. beside and listening to his conversations he would tell me about his country of birth Barbados and how he ended up living in Trinidad. I did not know that with just a few simple words of empathy and encouragement it would please and calm the patient. According to McCabe Timmins (2006), communication is the process of conveying information between two or more people. Communication is essential in building relationships with patients and gaining trust. To highlight how important communication is in the nursing profession, NMC identified it as being an essential skill and only if a student is competent in this skill they can go on and register as a nurse (NMC, 2007). Communication has been describe as being both simple and complex process. For communication to be effective, the sender has to be very clear about the purpose of the message (McCabe Timmins, 2006). The care the patient receive has direct potential to improve through reflective practice it helped to make sense of complicated situations and staff can become motivated and empowered. This has given me a chance to link theory to practice. The way I communicated with Mr. A., had a positive outcome for both of us in that all his needs were met, and I learnt effective communication helps in building trusting bond between patient and nurses (Almond Yardley, 2009).

History of Golf Essay

The word ‘golf’ has originated from Dutch word ‘colf’. It is translated as ‘club’ in English. Golf was often referred to as ‘spel metten colve’ meaning a ‘game with clubs’ in the medieval ages. On Dec. 26, 1297, in Northern Holland, the commoners played the game of colf to celebrate the Kronenburg Castle. ‘Colfers’ or golfers can also be seen in the Dutch artwork of that time period. According to legend, golf started when shepherds near St. Andrews started hitting round stones into the rabbit holes using their wooden crooks. Another group presents the theory that Scottish fisherman amused themselves with this game when they returned from their boats. Roman emperors in the days of Caesar played a golf like game called ‘Paganica’ which involved hitting a feather filled ball and a stick. A similar game was played by the Celtics called the ‘Shinty’ and the people from Laos played ‘Khi’. The origins of the game are still debated by many countries but it is generally assumed that the Scots in the Middle Ages were the first addicts of golf. Scots have made the biggest contribution because they refined the game completely. However, all countries have contributed to making the game what it is today. China, England, Rome, Belgium, Laos all had a game or two in history which used sticks and balls. In 1338, territories were marked in Germany by hitting pebbles with crooks. The greater the distance covered by the pebble the larger the territory owned by the Shepherd. According to the Dutch historian, Steven J. H. van Hengel, Golf originated from the games of ‘Chole’ and ‘Jeu de mail’. The game of golf has existed for more than 500 years. It can be traced back to the times of James II of Scotland. He banned golf on March 6, 1457 because it interfered with archery practice which was badly needed in times of war. In the year 1603 the golf enthusiast and Scottish Baron James VI introduced the game to the English. For countless years the game was played on uneven, rough land with no lush greenery and simple holes were dug in the ground. King Charles I endorsed this game and popularized it in the 16th century. While studying in France, Mary Queen of Scots also introduced Golf to the French people. The term caddie is French for the word ‘cadets’. It was intended for the queen’s helpers or the French Military. The period between 1750 and 1850 has been very important in the history of Golf. During this era, many young golfers were discovered and clubs were formed. Allan Robertson, the first popular golf star was discovered during this time. In 1843, a very important contest took place between the best players which included Willie Dunn and Allan Robertson. Golf grew further during the 1848-1852 period because of many significant events that took place turning the game from local to global. The Gutty Ball introduced in this era drastically changed how golf was played. Tom Morris, the greatest exponent of Gold was also born during this time. The oldest golf course recorded in history is The Old Links at Musselburgh Racecourse. Mary, Queen of Scots played on this course in 1567. No golf society or club was formed before 1744. Some golfers from Edinburgh joined together finally in 1744 to form the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers. Many years later ‘St. Andrews Golfers’ was formed and the name was changed in 1834 to ‘Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews’. In 1888, Golf became increasingly popular in United Stated. A Scottish man named John Reid constructed a three hole course near his home in New York. The same year he constructed a golf course on a 30 acre site and formed the St. Andrews Club of Yonkers. The game took off from these humble beginnings and soon became a national sport. The next century saw the arrival of more than thousands of golf courses and clubs all around the United States. Through the years better equipment has helped to change how the game is played. Since the 19th century, we have seen technologically advanced mowers and the introduction of newer golf ball designs and metal shafts. Wooden shafts have been completely replaced today. The golf ball has also evolved through the years. Golf was first played with a feather filled leather ball. These balls were relatively expensive which is why it was commonly played by the Royals. In 1848, Rev. Dr. Robert Adams Paterson made a ball using packing material of Gutta Percha. This ball enhanced the pleasure of playing golf. However, many golfers realized that nicked balls had better flight as opposed to smooth gutta balls. Hence the balls became uneven textured. Today, Golf has broken all boundaries and is played by almost every nation. Talent is emerging from Sweden, Taiwan, Japan etc. Perspectives regarding Golf have also evolved thanks to young golf stars such as Tiger Woods. It is no longer considered a boring game or played only by the elite older generation. Golf is loved and adored by millions around the world.

The Impact of Foreign Exchange Gains and Losses

The Impact of Foreign Exchange Gains and Losses on the corporate performance of Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical: During 2003 Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical Company suffered huge losses of 60 Million Chinese Rmb which represents about 5. 7% decrease in the Operating income of the Company. While during 2004, Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical Company suffered greater losses of 75 Million Chinese Rmb which represents about 6. 9% decrease in the Operating income of the Company.These losses are not the responsibility of the parent Company Johnson & Johnson; however it’s the responsibility of the Subsidiary Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical, so Johnson and Johnson was generating profits while on the other hand, Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical was losing income. If those reductions of operating income continued, soon this will affect the profitability of Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical, and thus upset its shareholders, and so they might sell their shares till its prices fall, and then the company might suffer f rom Bankruptcy. This pure use of foreign exchange forwards would be due to some factors including;The limited availability of other foreign exchange derivatives or risk management alternatives, the restricted policies of Johnson and Jonson, the regulatory restrictions in China on the use of derivatives and currency products, and the unwillingness of Johnson and Johnson to either carry the risk itself or allow more breadth in Management of the foreign exchange exposures of its Chinese subsidiary. The relationship between actual spot exchange rate, the budgeted spot exchange rate, the forward rate, and the expectations for the Chinese subsidiary’s financial results by the U.S parent company: Nearly all multinational companies, like all organizations, ordain off of budgets. The Chinese subsidiary of J&J isn’t contradictive. Paul Young must assemble a strategic a business and marketing plan, associated with a budget, for Xian-Janssen’s showing up year. That is the a ctuality of the situation. The forecast exchange rate for the coming year , the budget rate, Usually generate either exclusively by the companies or in combination with input from the business unit for.Regardless of the process, the final budgeted rate will be used for planning, purchasing, and atrocious of all— formation of expectations. As is the case with all forecast, however, it will prove an error. Paul Young just hopes it will not be â€Å"too wrong† and that the direction of the error proves in his business unit’s favored. Once the budget was appointed and accepted by the U. S parent, Paul Young and Xian-Janssen’s results for the coming year would be graved on stone. They would then be managing the business to meet the parent company’s expectations, in this case, of 20% growth.The forward rate is calculated by the financial service providers from the current spot rate and interest differentials. Since the Rmb was fixed to the dollar at this time, and the euro was continuing to appreciate versus to dollar, Xian-Janssen’s financial results were looking at the anemic euro results. The forward rate was costing Xian-Janssen multifarious money. Paul Young would feel increase pressure to forego the hedging in order to reduce the cost. Johnson& Johnson has roughly 200 foreign subsidiaries worldwide.It has always pursued a highly decentralized organizational structure, in which the individual units are responsible for their own performance from the top to the bottom line of the income statement. Although it is not unusual for a multinational firm to make foreign exchange gains and losses the responsibility of its foreign subsidiaries, it is not typically considered very efficient. The subsidiary business unit is typically just that, a business unit, and does not ordinarily possess the resources of skills sets necessary for good exchange rate risk management Foreign exchange gains and losses have an impact on corporate p erformance at XJP.Although many people may first see these as relatively small losses, a reduction in the operating earnings of an individual business unit from foreign exchange changes alone like this would be considered significant. One way to note this is to consider that the average return on sales (ROS) for the Fortune 500 in the second quarter of 2005 was about 7. 7%. If these bottom line profits were chopped an additional 6%-7% on a consolidated basis, a lot of companies – and shareholders – would be considerably upset.

Italian Adverbs of Manner - Avverbi di Modo

Italian Adverbs of Manner - Avverbi di Modo In English, adverbs of manner (avverbi di modo) are ones that end in -ly, like carefully or slowly. They indicate the way (the manner) in which an action takes place. Mia madre cucina egregiamente. - My mom cooks very well.La neve cade morbidamente sul davanzale della finestra. - The snow falls softly on the windowsill.Sono andato in fretta e furia dal dottore perchà ¨ non mi sentivo bene. - I hurried quickly to the doctor because I was not feeling well.Devi mescolare energicamente il composto prima di passare la teglia nel forno. - You must stir the mixture vigorously before transferring the pan to the oven. Which adverbs end in -mente? adverbs ending in -mente, which are the most numerous, and are formed by adding the suffix  to: The feminine form ending in -a: Alta- altamente high- highlyAspra- aspramente bitter- bitterlyCalorosa- calorosamente warm- warmlyOnesta- onestamente honest- honestly Adjectives ending in -e: Felice- felicemente happy- happilyForte- fortemente strong- stronglyLieve- lievemente slight- slightly NOTE: adjectives ending with the syllables -le and -re that are preceded by a vowel lose the final -e before adding the suffix -mente: Abile- abilmente skillful- skillfullyAgevole- agevolmente easy- easilyRegolare- regolarmente regular- regularly Adjectives ending in -lo: Benevolo- benevolmente kind- kindlyMalevolo- malevolmente spiteful- spitefully NOTE: the suffix -mente cannot be added to adjectives indicating color as well as a small number of other adjectives such as buono - good, cattivo - bad, giovane - young, vecchio - old. Adverbs ending with the suffix -oni, which is added to nouns and to forms derived from verbs: Ginocchio- ginocchioni knee- kneelingPenzolo- penzoloni bunch, cluster- hanging, danglingTastare- tastoni to feel, to probe- gropingly Adverbs which take the singular masculine form of certain aggettivi qualificativi (qualifying adjectives): Vederci chiaro - to see it clearlyCamminare piano - to walk slowlyParlare forte - to speak loudlyGuardare storto - to look askewRispondere giusto - to answer correctly Several adverbs, which are derived from Latin: Bene - wellMale - badlyMeglio - betterPeggio - worse Locuzioni avverbiali di modo (adverbs of manner idioms), of which there are several, including: allimpazzata - wildlya pià ¹ non posso - like crazya piedi - by footdi corsa - in a rushdi sicuro - surely, certainlydi solito - usuallyin fretta - quickly, fastin un batter docchio - in the blink of an eye The Origin of Adverbs of Manner An avverbio di modo that ends with the suffix -mente is derived from a Latin phrase consisting of an adjective and the noun mente: for example, the Latin devota mente means with devout intent, with devout feeling; sana mente means with sound purpose, with good purpose and so on. Over time the recurring use evolved; the second element of the phrase lost both its nominal quality as well as its semantic value and became a simple suffix. Thus was born the adverb: devotamente (devout), sanamente (soundly), fortemente (loudly). In any case, the adverb of manner maintains clear evidence of its former phrase state: the female gender of the adjective (devotamente, not devotomente, given that the Latin noun mente is feminine). Adverbs ending in -mente replaced vulgar Latin adverbs ending in -e and classical Latin adverbs ending in -iter: for example, devotamente substituted for the Latin devote, and solamente substituted for singulariter.

CDL Guide Indiana, Iowa, and Illinois

CDL Guide Indiana, Iowa, and Illinois This article is useful for anyone who wants to get your CDL in Indiana, Iowa or Illinois. If you want to learn about earning a CDL at other states, we have put together a comprehensive guide on how to get a commercial driver’s license in every state of the country. IndianaTo get a CDL  you must:be at least 18 years old if you will be  transporting property within state lines and 21 years old if you will be transporting peoplehave held an Indiana driver’s license, chauffeur’s license,  or public passenger chauffeur’s license  for at least one yearpresent documents of identification proving your identity, lawful status, Social Security number, and Indiana residencypass  the  appropriate  knowledge  test for  the  vehicle type that you plan to operateKnowledge Tests RequiredCommercial  vehicle drivers: General knowledge testSchool bus drivers: School bus endorsement test and passenger transport test  All bus drivers: Passenger transpor t testVehicle with air brakes:  Air brakes testCombination of vehicles: Combination vehicle testDrivers transporting hazardous material: Hazardous material testDrivers transporting liquids in bulk: Tanker testDrivers pulling double or triple trailers: Doubles/triples testYou may  receive only  three  CDL permits in  two years, and a CDL  learner’s permit is valid for six months.  Those with a  CDL learner’s permit may operate a commercial motor vehicle only when accompanied by a valid CDL  holder who has the proper class and endorsement(s).IowaTo get a CDL  you must:be 18 years oldprovide proof of full name, date of birth, Social Security number, and citizenship, permanent residency, or an I-94 documentproof of Iowa residencypass a vision screening testobtain and hold a commercial learner’s permit (CLP) for at least 2 weeks prior to your applicationcertify the vehicle type you plan to driveSteps to Obtaining a CDL1. Pass the knowledge test re quired for the commercial vehicle you want to operateGeneral knowledge for any CDLCombination vehicle for Class AAir brakePassengerSchool busDoubles/TriplesHazmatTankIowa operator (if applicable)2. Obtain a CLP3. Pass the required skills and driving test, which is comprised of 3 partsPre-trip vehicle inspection, making sure your vehicle is safe to driveSkills test, which tests maneuvers around cones and backin maneuversA driving testIllinoisTo get a CDL you must:be 18 years oldhold a valid Ohio State diver’s licenseprovide a valid Social Security cardmeet minimum medical standards as established by federal and state regulationspass the knowledge and skills testsTestingThe knowledge test is a written test required for each class of vehicle you hope to drive, each endorsement, and removing an air brake restriction.The skill test is a 90-minute driving test comprised of a pre-inspection and a road test. You will need to arrive with a vehicle appropriate to the class of license y ou seek.ExemptionsThe law exempts these categories from the CDL:A â€Å"Farm Truck†Fire EquipmentPublic Safety VehicleRecreational VehicleCommercial Motor VehicleVehicle Operated for Military PurposeNonbusiness Commercial Motor VehicleVehicle Designed for Transporting Goods

WINDOWS DEPLOYMENT PROPOSAL Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

WINDOWS DEPLOYMENT PROPOSAL - Term Paper Example By using Windows Server 2012, Worldwide Advertising Inc. employees can store work folders in their PCs and retrieve them from any location; a feature that increases convenience for employees. This feature was only available in Windows 8.x and above. .Assuming that all the workstations used in the network are powerful enough to avoid incidences of network congestion; a total of 12 servers will be used in the Worldwide Advertising Inc. network. Eight of these servers will be located at Los Angeles main offices where network will be managed from. The rest four will be stationed at New York. The roles played by each server are as illustrated in Figure1. All the 95 workstations will run Windows 8.1 because of its support for Windows Server 2012 and its network operability. Five workstations will serve as backup for security and fault tolerance reasons. (Stanek, 2013) The network infrastructure will use Windows Server 2012 R2 Datacenter Edition. This is because this edition supports virtualized environments and unlimited license for supported instances. To improve security and reliability, Server Core will be used on all the 12 servers. Using Windows Deployment Service in a master workstation, all operating systems and servers will be automatically installed from images. Windows Automated Installation Kit (WAIK) will be used in the installation of Windows System Image Manager (WSIM) which in turn will install all the answer files. To improve the efficiency of the network, there will be two domain controllers for the Worldwide Advertising Inc.; one for each Active Directory. Los Angeles main office will host the main domain controller while New York branch will have a Read Only Domain Controller (RODC) as the backup to the main domain controller at LA. The RODC is place at the NY site in order to reduce network traffic and improve its performance. The two

Strategic HRM Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic HRM Plan - Essay Example While it is a part of Roche Pharmaceutical’s strategic plan to recruit talent from within, the market imperative of getting the best diversified talent available to make itself innovative and competitive will compel the company to get talent from outside the company. In today’s globalized market, the criteria for getting the best talent is not only limited to competencies such as education background, skills and experiences of its human resource but also includes its diversity. Diversity is desired in a globalized market of which Roche Pharmaceutical operates because it provides the necessary perspective for the company to survive and thrive in market conditions whose cultural orientation differ from region to another. While diversity is a desirable quality in its workforce, it is not however devoid of issues. The heterogeneity of the background and orientation of a diversified workforce could not also bring conflict and could be disruptive when it is not managed carefully. Among the common cultural issues that diversity could bring in an organization are; c) Stereotypes – lumping together or generalizing judgment against people or group of people especially when its assumption is wrong. This is a hindrance against inclusiveness for it communicates subtle hostility against the people or group of people being stereotyped. These cultural issues however can be overcome by a deliberate intent of reducing prejudices and use of stereotype in the organisation. This can be further removed by constantly developing and improving the human resource that would eventually removed myopic perspectives that typecast people which are the root of prejudice. Cultural orientation as part of training and job rotation that would allow employees to widen their exposure about their job and their co-workers will also help to eventually remove the issues that are associated with a diversified workforce. A concrete diversity program that is

Proposal for the analytical report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Proposal for the analytical report - Essay Example The research intends to answer the question, ‘is there a significant relationship between internal control practices and reported accounting frauds in organizations?’ It proposes to test the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between effectiveness of internal control mechanisms and incidence of accounting fraud in organizations. Introduction Fraud defines a criminal deception that targets a financial gain. While a final independent audit may identify accounting fraud for legal actions against suspected personnel, this avenue does not recover lost finances because criminal acts attracts no remedy to the victim. The best solution for safeguarding an organization’s finances is therefore through establishment of strong internal control avenues that can detect and prevent possible frauds. This research seeks to establish a basis ensuring implementation of most appropriate internal control measures. The problem Fraud is a major threat to the going c oncern of an organization, both small scale and large scale. This identifies fraud and internal control measures towards controlling fraud as essential elements to organizational management. A number of internal control measures exist for detecting and preventing fraud such as application of checks and balances on offices that deals in finance based issues like planning, authorizing, and accounting offices. Frequent reconciliation of accounts, restricting access to authorized personnel, strong policies and discouraging conspiracy are other identified control avenues (Hogan, 2011). Brainstorming to evaluate possible fraud or fraud indicators and monitoring compliance to codes of conducts as set by organizations also facilitates detection and prevention of fraud (Aicpa, 2005). Such measures are however hard to understand if fraud is deeply rooted in an organization, such as in circumstances where an organization’s management applies fraud in external ventures. This therefore id entifies far-reaching effects of fraud that extends to industry’s performance and consumers economic factors. Fraud is however both a criminal and immoral act that should not exist in professional practice. Effective measures are therefore necessary to ensure that possible threats of fraud are identified and eliminated. Findings from this research will be instrumental to professional personnel that is charged with the responsibility of safeguarding an organization’s finances. Such are accounts officers and the chief accounting officer, internal auditors, organizations’ managements and external auditors. The accounts officers will find the research results helpful in identifying potential threats to fraud for necessary actions such as reporting to senior management officers. The chief accounting officers is however a chief beneficiary of the research findings that will help in controlling the vice in his docket. The management whose role involves disciplining emp loyees and overly supervising an organizational activities and processes need to be informed about fraud control because they are the organization’s custodians to external stakeholders. Internal and external auditors will however find the results helpful in identifying inconsistencies in statements and in recommending appropriate measures

A Critical Analysis of the Policy Making Process in Public Administration Essay Example for Free

A Critical Analysis of the Policy Making Process in Public Administration Essay South Africa has changed over time and ever since the democratic elections lots of laws and policies have been changed as well. When a policy is being made it will always involve interaction between the population and the institutions that have to perform the policy making functions. Interaction takes place by means of elections, meetings between the people and officials, public opinion surveys, media campaigns, etc. No policy can be made in an disorderly manner, so if the information which is needed to decide on a new policy is not correct, no planning can be made. For example, if a policy must be made which involves the standards of schools, research surveys must be done in all the schools of the state. This must then be interpreted and evaluated correct by the person or persons doing it. 2. Public Policy In any society, governmental entities enact laws, make policies, and allocate resources. According to Cloete (1993) a policy is a declaration of intent to do something or to have it done by specified institutions or functionaries as prescribed. There are a few steps that need to be completed successfully to have a policy such as a series of decisions have to be taken, the implementation of a policy means another series of decisions, and for policy analysis another series of decisions have to be taken. Cloete (1993:80) states that the constitution is a policy statement because it declares â€Å"the action to be taken by specified institutions and office bearers who follow stated procedures and respect prescribed conduct guidelines and values for the creation and maintenance of the state. However, a policy statement is never static because of human society constantly moving and developing it causes a constant change in policy to adapt to the changing needs and expectations of the population. Public policy can be generally defined as a system of laws, regulatory measures, courses of action, and funding priorities concerning a given topic formed by government entity or its representatives. As a government action it is generally the principled guide to action taken by the administrative or executive branches of the state with regard to a class of issues in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs. Schuster, 2009) Therefore, a major aspect of public policy is law, which includes specific legislation and provisions of constitutional or international law. Furthermore, Gerston (2008: 7) also states that a public policy is also the combination of basic decisions, commitments, and actions made by those who hold or influence government positions of authority. These arrangements result from interactions amongst those who demand change, those who make decisions, and those affected by the policy in question. Issues such as health, crime, education, social welfare and foreign policy can be addressed by public policy. Leaders of religious and cultural institutions can also make public policies for the benefit of the congregation and participants. I personally feel that public policies have a blend of both politics and government, and that public policies are there to address a public issue by instituting laws, regulations, decisions, or actions to control the problem at hand. 3. Public Policy Making Public policy making is a complex process that involves the interplay of numerous individuals and interest groups competing and collaborating to influence policymakers to act in a particular way. According to Cloete (1993) the term policy making should be used to refer to functions performed to obtain policies. Individuals and groups are always trying to shape public policy through education, advocacy, or mobilization of interest groups. Thus, policy making consists of the performance of a group of generic administrative processes. According to Cliffs (1987) policy making involves a number of functions to be performed namely: the identification of matters on which policies have to be made and the investigation of the matters requiring new policies or policy adaptations. When new public policies are created, there are generally three key things involved in the process: the problem, the player, and the policy. The problem is the issue needs to be addressed, the player is the individual or group that is influential in forming a plan to address the problem in question, and the policy is the finalized course of action decided upon by the government. Schuster, 2009). The general public will make the government aware of an issue through writing letters and emails, or making phone calls to local government leaders, the issue is then brought forward during government meetings and the process for creating new public policies. 3. 1Key actors in public policy making process In essence Wasby (1973: 50) states that he population plays a huge role in policy making and that is why there will always be a numerous amount of role-players in policy-making. The main categories of actors in the policy making process are official actors who have statutory or constitutional responsibilities such as legislative, executive, and judiciary. Unofficial actors have participation with no explicit legal authority such as interest groups, media. Most of the critical work on public policy is done in committees, which review legislation, propose and vote on amendments, and, in the end, decide whether a bill will die at the committee level or be elevated for consideration by the full body. Legislatures consider bills submitted to them by the political executive office-bearers. The courts have the ability to interpret legislative and executive actions: judicial review. Courts are the weakest because their authority rests on the legitimacy of the law and their ability to argue their case. Legislatures and executives initiate public policy, while courts react to the practical effects of such policies. Elected executives focus on agenda-setting, (Cliffs, 1987). The judicial system in a democratic country like South Africa has a major role in the public policy making process. All policies are formulated keeping in view the existing laws and legal provisions. According to Wasby (1973) the judiciary enters the area of policy making delivering suggestive or advisory judgments aimed at the effective achievement of the goals of the country as contained in the Preamble and the body of the Constitution. The judiciary issues directions for formulating a particular policy or changing the existing policy to suit a particular purpose. The judiciary being the sole guardian of the Constitution ensures that none of its provisions are contravened by the legislative, executive or administrative actions. Interest groups have been part of the political scene since the founding. Arrangements exist to link interest groups and public institutions to enable these groups to make regular inputs for policy-making purposes. According to Cloete (1993) political parties can play a vital role in making of policies. During elections they concentrate on weak policies of their opponents and suggest better policies for the state. Media’s primary function in policy process is agenda-setting. Media coverage correlates with institutional attention. Media also plays a very important role in educating members of the population about political and dministrative matters. Policy Making stages Grindle and Thomas offer a more interactive version of the stages model. Their central insight is that â€Å"a policy reform initiative may be altered or reversed at any stage†¦ by the pressures and reactions of those who oppose it† (1991:126). However, conflict over policy tends to center at that point in the process where a reform initiative has been agreed to in principle by decision makers somewhere in government and is moving on for further ratification and eventual implementation. Most of the heavy policy action comes after these early decision stages. A policy established and carried out by the government goes through several stages from inception to conclusion. These are Agenda-setting, Formation, Adoption, Implementation, Evaluation, and Termination. 4. 1 Agenda- setting The â€Å"agenda† is the list of subjects or problems to which government officials, and people outside of government closely associated with those officials, are paying serious attention at some given time (Rainey, 2003). Before a policy can be created, a problem must exist that is called to the attention of the government. Illegal immigration, for example, has been going on for many years, but it was not until the 1990s that enough people considered it such a serious problem that it required increased government action. Public problems will only reach the political agenda if they converted into political issues. This happens when an interest group demands government action on a problem, or when there is public disagreement over ways in which a problem should be addressed. According to Farmer (1995), the agenda- setting process narrows the set of all possible issues to the set that actually becomes the focus of attention. People rather limited capacity to seriously attend to many things at once is also characteristic of political systems, where agenda-setting is the bottleneck. Following Kingdon (1984:8), these can be conceived as three process streams- processes through which participants affect agendas such as problems, solutions and politics. Academics, for example, tend to be more involved on formatting proposals than are politicians, who seldom draft detailed policy documents. Problems Cliff (1993:7) states that problems are recognized and defined according to processes that are different from the ways in which policies are formulated and political events unfold. Many problems can also be seen either as private misfortunes for those who experience them or as public policy failures that government should address. But private problems need to be linked to public causes to attract government attention. When a young woman drops out of secondary school because of an unplanned pregnancy, for example, that may be a private misfortune. But only when women’s organisations and educators complain that adolescent pregnancy threatens the growth of skilled work force, and thus undermines economic development, does adolescent pregnancy become a problem for government that calls for government response. Only when a private misfortune is translated into a problem of educational attainment and economic growth does it become something that must concern policy makers. † Problem definition is the active manipulation of images of conditions by competing political actors. Conditions come to be defined as problems through the strategic portrayal of causal stories† (Stone, 1989). 4. 1. 2Solutions Policy alternatives are developed according to their own criteria of selection, whether or not they are solutions to recognize problems or sensitive to political considerations. Career civil servants, technocrats, academics, and policy advocates with nongovernmental organisations all play more of a role in framing of policy alternatives in Africa is further complicated by the presence of international donors, who may not share the same priorities or interests and who often do not speak with one voice. Ogden, 1971). 4. 1. 3Politics Political events flow along on their own often unpredictable schedule, whether or not they are related to problems or policy proposals. The third family of explanations for how a subject or a problem rises or falls on a government agenda has to do with politics. Developments in the political sphere can be powerful agenda-setters, for example, a change in government, a change of government ministers, a significant swing in national mood, can all move a subject onto or off of a government agenda. Politicians typically employ a calculus of political feasibility to determine whether a problem should be granted a high place on the policy agenda. 4. 2Formation In this stage policies are created and/or changed. According to Chandler (2000) policy formation means coming up with an approach to solving a problem. Congress, the executive branch, the courts, and interest groups may be involved. Contradictory proposals are often made. For example, the president may have one approach to immigration reform, and the opposition-party members of Congress may have another. Policy formulation has a tangible outcome: A bill of rights goes before Congress or a regulatory agency drafts proposed rules. The process continues with adoption. 4. 3 Adoption â€Å"A policy is adopted when a Congress passes legislation, the regulations become final, or the Supreme Court renders a decision in a case† ( Farmer,1995). This stage is also when a policy is brought into force, for example, by state or federal legislation. New or changed public policies are often adopted by means of a decision of cabinet, or an individual minister, without any legislation change. This stage includes the actions and mechanisms whereby policies are brought into practice, that is, where what is written in the legislation or policy document is turned into a reality. The content of the policy, and its impact on those affected, may be modified substantially, or even negated. A statue usually provides a broad outline of a policy. For example, Congress may mandate improved water quality standards, but Environmental protection agency (EPA) provides the details on those standards and the procedures for measuring compliance through regulations. According to Rainey (2003) the Supreme Court has no mechanism to enforce its decisions; other branches of government must implement its determinations. Successful implementation depends on the complexity of the policy, coordination between those putting the policy into effect, and compliance. For example, the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education, the justices realized that desegregation was a complex issue; however, they did not provide any guidance on how to implement it. Here, implementation depended upon the close scrutiny of circuit and appeals court judges, as well as local and state school board members who were reluctant to push social change. Dye indicates that implementation involves all of the activities designed to carry out the policies enacted by the legislative branch. These activities include the creation of new organizations and departments, agencies, bureaus, and the assignment of new responsibilities to existing organizations. These organizations must translate laws into operational rules and regulations. They must hire personnel, draw up contracts, spend money, and perform tasks. All of these activities involve decisions by bureaucrats and decisions that determine policy (Dye, 2005). One critical aspect of policy implementation is the high degree of discretion afforded to the bureaucrats and agency procedures to transform laws into action as outlined by Dye above. 4. 4. 1 Challenges and pitfalls of policy implementation Theodoulou and Kofinis identify three key challenges which they believe can routinely impede the effective implementation of public policy. Those three challenges are: 4. 4. 1. 1 Clarity of policy goals Clear policy or program goals help specify the ends or objectives desired from the policy action. Ideally, policies should be formulated with consideration of what the actual specific goals of the policy are goal stated with clarity and specificity not only provides direction but also improves the basis by which policies can be evaluated, for accountability, efficiency, and effectiveness (Theodoulou and Kofinis, 2004, p183). 4. 4. 1. 2 Information intelligence Information intelligence refers to the strategic necessity for constant feedback as to how implementation is progressing, as well as the preliminary assessments of impacts. Given the increasing reliance on multiple bureaucracies, information and feedback is essential to gauge the degree of interagency and intergovernmental cooperation and conflict, which may be affecting implementation. Information intelligence requires a high level of communication and feedback not only from the agencies involved but also from the population affected by the policy action. According to Ogden (1971) when they are terminated, it is usually because the policy became obsolete, clearly did not work, or lost its support among the interest groups and elected officials that placed it on the agenda in the first place. In 1974, for example, Congress enacted a national speed limit of 55 miles per hour. It was effective in reducing highway fatalities and gasoline consumption. On the other hand, the law increased costs for the trucking industry and was widely viewed as an unwarranted federal intrusion into an area that belonged to the states to regulate. The law was terminated in 1987. . Conclusion It is clear that policy making is not a task that can be undertaken by a single institution. Numerous private and public institutions must work together to ensure the well-being of the population. Policies cannot stay the same year in and year out. Changing circumstances demand constant evaluation of the existing policies. The top officials’ must take the lead in evaluating and proposing policy changes. It is therefore very important for Directors- General of state departments and town clerks to evaluate the results of their work and to inform their supervisors about needs for policy change.